Singular nouns digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu benda yang berjumlah tunggal atau satu umumnya disertai determiners (a/an, this, that, the,one).
misalnya: a computer, a chair, a train, a player, a teacher, a taxi, a river, a castle, an idea, this book, the man, one book, one pencil, etc.
Plural nouns digunakan untuk menunjukkan benda yang berjumlah banyak (jamak) dan dibentuk dengan menambah huruf -s di belakang kata benda yang akan dibuat dalam bentuk jamak.
misalnya: computers, chairs, trains, players, teachers, taxis, boats, bats, houses, rivers, computer, boys, girls, etc.
Di dalam bahasa Inggris, jika ingin merubah benda dari Singular ke Plural ada beberapa aturan perhatikan catatan dan contoh di bawah ini :
1. Nomina yang berakhiran -s, -ss, -ch, -sh atau –x ditambah akhiran –es.
bus buses
glass glasses
dress dresses
branch branches
church churches
beach beaches
sandwich sandwiches
witch witches
brush brushes
flash flashes
box boxes
fox foxes
2. Nomina yang berakhiran –y, diganti dengan i kemudian ditambah –es.
baby babies
family families
story stories
fairy fairies
puppy puppies
housefly houseflies
library libraries
city cities
lily lilies
party parties
dictionary dictionaries
3. Nomina berakhiran –y yang sebelumnya terdapat huruf hidup atau vokal (vowel), langsung ditambah akhiran –s. Kecuali nomina yang berakhiran –quy, -y diganti dengan i kemudian ditambah –es (soliloquy --> soliloquies).
key keys
monkey monkeys
donkey donkeys
toy toys
boy boys
cowboy cowboys
day days
tray trays
runway runways
chimney chimneys
trolley trolleys
valley valleys
4. Nomina yang berakhiran –f, diganti dengan v kemudian ditambah –es.
half halves
leaf leaves
shelf shelves
wolf wolves
thief thieves
5. Beberapa nomina yang berakhiran –f, hanya ditambah akhiran –s.
chief chiefs
roof roofs
handkerchief handkerchiefs
cliff cliffs
puff puffs
6. Dan beberapa nomina yang berakhiran –f bisa dijadikan plural dengan dua cara di atas.
scarf scarfs or scarves
hoof hoofs or hooves
dwarf dwarfs or dwarves
wharf wharfs or wharves
7. Nomina yang berakhiran –fe, maka f diganti dengan v kemudian ditambah –s.
knife knives
wife wives
life lives
midwife midwives
8. Nomina yang berakhiran –o, hanya ditambah akhiran –s.
video videos
hippo hippos
zoo zoos
kangaroo kangaroos
9. Tetapi beberapa nomina tertentu yang berakhiran -o, jika dijadikan plural ada yang ditambah akhiran –es.
tomato tomatoes
potato potatoes
hero heroes
10. Dan ada juga beberapa nomina yang berakhiran –o bisa dijadikan plural dengan dua cara di atas
mango mangoes or mangos
mosquito mosquitoes or mosquitos
zero zeroes or zeros
buffalo buffaloes or buffalos
11. Beberapa nomina berubah ejaannya jika berubah menjadi plural (irregular plurals).
man men
woman women
child children
person people
mouse mice
tooth teeth
foot feet
goose geese
12. Beberapa nomina mempunyai bentuk yang sama, baik singular maupun plural.
sheep sheep
deer deer
fish fish
aircraft aircraft
salmon salmon
13. Beberapa nomina selalu berbentuk plural, misalnya: trousers, glasses, shorts, spectacles, jeans, goggles, pants, scissors, tights, binoculars, pyjamas, pliers. Gunakan a pair of untuk menjadikan nomina tersebut ke bentuk singular.
- a pair of binoculars
- a pair of spectacles
- a pair of jeans
14. Kata fish (collectively) bila digunakan untuk menyatakan jenisnya (individuals or kinds) maka bentuk plural-nya menggunakan fishes.
- The list of endangered species includes nearly 600 fishes.
15. Pada compound words, nominanya (main words) dijadikan ke bentuk plural.
mother-in-law mothers-in-law
passerby passersby
sister-in-law sisters-in-law
16. Jika tidak ada nomina atau kata benda pada compound words tambahkan akhiran –s.
mix-up mix-ups
takeoff takeoffs
17. Jika compound words berakhiran -ful, tambahkan saja akhiran –s.
cupful cupfuls
18. Nomina yang berupa angka, huruf bisa di bentuk menjadi plural dengan menambahkanapostrophes (‘) dan s.
- How many 3’s make 9?
- There are two m’s in ‘comma’.
19. Beberapa nomina yang berasal dari luar bahasa Inggris (Latin, Greek, etc.) mempunyai bentuk plural tersendiri (irregular plural) mengikuti bahasa asalnya.
nucleus nuclei
syllabus syllabi
focus foci (focuses)
fungus fungi
cactus cacti (cactuses)
thesis theses
crisis crises
phenomenon phenomena
index indices (indexes)
appendix appendices (appendixes)
criterion criteria
analysis analyses
axis axes
bacterium bacteria
parenthesis parentheses
datum data
alumnus alumni
Regular Verb ialah kata kerja yang bentuk keduanya / Past Tense (V 2) sama dengan bentuk ketiga / Past Participle (V 3) dan akhiran katanya ditambahkan ‘d’, ‘ed’ , dan ‘ied’.
The following table contains a list of 750 English regular verb commonly used in daily conversation. I’d like to note that they are spelled based on the American English.
Verb base
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Past tense (V2)
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Past participle (V3)
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Present participle
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abort
accept accomplish achieve activate add admire admit advertize advise affect afford agree aim alert allow alter amaze amuse analyze announce annoy answer apologize appear applaud appoint appreciate approve argue arrange arrest arrive ascend ask assault assemble assume attach attack attempt attend attract avoid back bake balance ban bang bare bat bathe battle beam beg behave believe belong bleach bless blind blink blot blush boast boil bolt bomb book bore borrow bounce bow box brake branch breathe broaden bruise brush bubble bump burn bury buzz calculate call camp care carry carve cause challenge change characterize charge chase cheat check cheer chew choke chop claim clap classify clean clear climb clip close coach coil collect color comb command commit communicate compare compete complain complete compute concentrate concern confess confuse connect consider consist contact contain continue contribute convince copy correct cough count cover crack crash crawl cross crush cry cure curl curve cycle dam damage dance dare decay deceive decide decorate decrease delay delight deliver demonstrate deny depend depict descend describe desert deserve destroy detect develop differentiate disagree disallow disappear disappoint disapprove disarm disclose disconnect discontinue discover disguise dislike divide double doubt drag drain dread dream dress drip drop drown drum dry duplicate dust earn educate elect embarrass emigrate employ empty enable encourage end enjoy enlarge enter entertain escape evaporate evolve examine excite excuse execute exemplify exercise exist exit expand expect explain explode exploit explore express extend fabricate face fade fail fancy fasten fax fear fence fetch figure file fill film fire fit fix flap flash float flood flow flower fold follow fool force form found frame frighten fry gain gather gaze glow glue grab graduate grate grease greet grin grip groan guarantee guard guess guide hammer hand handle hang happen harass harm hate haunt head heal heap heat help hesitate hire hook hop hope hover hug hum hunt hurry identify ignore imagine immigrate impress improve include increase indicate influence inform inject injure insert insist inspire instruct intend interest interfere interrupt introduce invent invite involve irritate itch jail jam jog join joke judge juggle jump justify kick kill kiss kneel knit knock knot label land last laugh launch learn level license lick lie lighten like limit link liquidate list listen live load lock long look love manage march mark marry match mate matter measure meddle melt memorize mend mention mess up migrate milk mind mine miss mix moan moor mourn move muddle mug multiply murder nail name narrow need nest nibble nod note notice notify number obey object observe obtain occur offend offer open order organize overflow owe own pack paddle paint park part pass paste pat pause peck pedal peel peep perform permit persuade phone pick pinch pine place plan plant play please plug point poke polish pollinate pop possess post postpone pour practice pray preach precede prefer prepare present preserve press presume pretend prevent prick proceed produce program promise protect provide publish pull pump punch puncture punish push question queue race radiate rain raise reach realize reappear recall receive recognize recommend record recover reduce refer reflect refuse regret reign reject rejoice relax release rely remain remember remind remove repair repeat replace reply report represent reproduce request require rescue resent resist respond rest result retire retreat return reveal revisit rhyme rinse risk rob rock roll rot rotate rub ruin rule rush sack sail satisfy save saw scare scatter scold scorch scrape scratch scream screw scribble scrub seal search select separate serve settle shade share sharpen shave shelter shiver shock shop shrug sigh sign signal simplify sin sip ski skip slap slip slurp slow smash smell smile smoke snatch sneeze sniff snore snow soak soothe sort sound spare spark sparkle specialize spell spill spoil spot spray sprout squash squeak squeal squeeze stabilize stain stamp stare start state stay steer step stir stitch stop store strap strengthen stretch strip stroke stuff subtract succeed suck suffer suggest suit supplement supply support suppose surprise surround suspect suspend switch symbolize talk tame tap taste tease telephone tempt terrify test thank thaw tick tickle tie time tip tire touch tour tow trace trade train transform transport trap travel treat tremble trick trip trot trouble trust try tug tumble turn twist type uncover undress unfasten unite unlock unpack urge use usher vanish visit visualize vote wag wail wait walk wander want warm warn wash waste watch water wave weigh welcome whine whip whirl whisper whistle widen wink wipe wish wobble wonder work worry wrap wreck wrestle wriggle yawn yell zip zoom |
aborted
accepted accomplished achieved activated added admired admitted advertized advised affected afforded agreed aimed alerted allowed altered amazed amused analyzed announced annoyed answered apologized appeared applauded appointed appreciated approved argued arranged arrested arrived ascended asked assaulted assembled assumed attached attacked attempted attended attracted avoided backed baked balanced banned banged bared batted bathed battled beamed begged behaved believed belonged bleached blessed blinded blinked blotted blushed boasted boiled bolted bombed booked bored borrowed bounced bowed boxed braked branched breathed broadened bruised brushed bubbled bumped burned buried buzzed calculated called camped cared carried carved caused challenged changed characterized charged chased cheated checked cheered chewed choked chopped claimed clapped classified cleaned cleared climbed clipped closed coached coiled collected colored combed commanded committed communicated compared competed complained completed computed concentrated concerned confessed confused connected considered consisted contacted contained continued contributed convinced copied corrected coughed counted covered cracked crashed crawled crossed crushed cried cured curled curved cycled dammed damaged danced dared decayed deceived decided decorated decreased delayed delighted delivered demonstrated denied depended depicted descended described deserted deserved destroyed detected developed differentiated disagreed disallowed disappeared disappointed disapproved disarmed disclosed disconnected discontinued discovered disguised disliked divided doubled doubted dragged drained dreaded dreamed dressed dripped dropped drowned drummed dried duplicated dusted earned educated elected embarrassed emigrated employed emptied enabled encouraged ended enjoyed enlarged entered entertained escaped evaporated evolved examined excited excused executed exemplified exercised existed exited expanded expected explained exploded exploited explored expressed extended fabricated faced faded failed fancied fastened faxed feared fenced fetched figured filed filled filmed fired fitted fixed flapped flashed floated flooded flowed flowered folded followed fooled forced formed founded framed frightened fried gained gathered gazed glowed glued grabbed graduated grated greased greeted grinned gripped groaned guaranteed guarded guessed guided hammered handed handled hanged happened harassed harmed hated haunted headed healed heaped heated helped hesitated hired hooked hopped hoped hovered hugged hummed hunted hurried identified ignored imagined immigrated impressed improved included increased indicated influenced informed injected injured inserted insisted inspired instructed intended interested interfered interrupted introduced invented invited involved irritated itched jailed jammed jogged joined joked judged juggled jumped justified kicked killed kissed knelled knitted knocked knotted labeled landed lasted laughed launched learned leveled licensed licked lied lightened liked limited linked liquidated listed listened lived loaded locked longed looked loved managed marched marked married matched mated mattered measured meddled melted memorized mended mentioned messed up migrated milked minded mined missed mixed moaned moored mourned moved muddled mugged multiplied murdered nailed named narrowed needed nested nibbled nodded noted noticed notified numbered obeyed objected observed obtained occurred offended offered opened ordered organized overflowed owed owned packed paddled painted parked parted passed pasted patted paused pecked pedaled peeled peeped performed permitted persuaded phoned picked pinched pined placed planned planted played pleased plugged pointed poked polished pollinated popped possessed posted postponed poured practiced prayed preached preceded preferred prepared presented preserved pressed presumed pretended prevented pricked printed proceeded produced programed promised protected provided published pulled pumped punched punctured punished pushed questioned queued raced radiated rained raised reached realized reappeared recalled received recognized recommended recorded recovered reduced referred reflected refused regretted reigned rejected rejoiced relaxed released relied remained remembered reminded removed repaired repeated replaced replied reported represented reproduced requested required rescued resented resisted responded rested resulted retired retreated returned revealed revisited rhymed rinsed risked robbed rocked rolled rotted rotated rubbed ruined ruled rushed sacked sailed satisfied saved sawed scared scattered scolded scorched scraped scratched screamed screwed scribbled scrubbed sealed searched selected separated served settled shaded shared sharpened shaved sheltered shivered shocked shopped shrugged sighed signed signaled simplified sinned sipped skied skipped slapped slipped slurped slowed smashed smelled smiled smoked snatched sneezed sniffed snored snowed soaked soothed sorted sounded spared sparked sparkled specialized spelled spilled spoiled spotted sprayed sprouted squashed squeaked squealed squeezed stabilized stained stamped stared started stated stayed steered stepped stirred stitched stopped stored strapped strengthened stretched striped stroked stuffed subtracted succeeded sucked suffered suggested suited supplemented supplied supported supposed surprised surrounded suspected suspended switched symbolized talked tamed tapped tasted teased telephoned tempted terrified tested thanked thawed ticked tickled tied timed tipped tired touched toured towed traced traded trained transformed transported trapped traveled treated trembled tricked tripped trotted troubled trusted tried tugged tumbled turned twisted typed uncovered undressed unfastened united unlocked unpacked urged used ushered vanished visited visualized voted wagged wailed waited walked wandered wanted warmed warned washed wasted watched watered waved weighed welcomed whined whipped whirled whispered whistled widened winked wiped wished wobbled wondered worked worried wrapped wrecked wrestled wriggled yawned yelled zipped zoomed |
aborted
accepted accomplished achieved activated added admired admitted advertized advised affected afforded agreed aimed alerted allowed altered amazed amused analyzed announced annoyed answered apologized appeared applauded appointed appreciated approved argued arranged arrested arrived ascended asked assaulted assembled assumed attached attacked attempted attended attracted avoided backed baked balanced banned banged bared batted bathed battled beamed begged behaved believed belonged bleached blessed blinded blinked blotted blushed boasted boiled bolted bombed booked bored borrowed bounced bowed boxed braked branched breathed broadened bruised brushed bubbled bumped burned buried buzzed calculated called camped cared carried carved caused challenged changed characterized charged chased cheated checked cheered chewed choked chopped claimed clapped classified cleaned cleared climbed clipped closed coached coiled collected colored combed commanded committed communicated compared competed complained completed computed concentrated concerned confessed confused connected considered consisted contacted contained continued contributed convinced copied corrected coughed counted covered cracked crashed crawled crossed crushed cried cured curled curved cycled dammed damaged danced dared decayed deceived decided decorated decreased delayed delighted delivered demonstrated denied depended depicted descended described deserted deserved destroyed detected developed differentiated disagreed disallowed disappeared disappointed disapproved disarmed disclosed disconnected discontinued discovered disguised disliked divided doubled doubted dragged drained dreaded dreamed dressed dripped dropped drowned drummed dried duplicated dusted earned educated elected embarrassed emigrated employed emptied enabled encouraged ended enjoyed enlarged entered entertained escaped evaporated evolved examined excited excused executed exemplified exercised existed exited expanded expected explained exploded exploited explored expressed extended fabricated faced faded failed fancied fastened faxed feared fenced fetched figured filed filled filmed fired fitted fixed flapped flashed floated flooded flowed flowered folded followed fooled forced formed founded framed frightened fried gained gathered gazed glowed glued grabbed graduated grated greased greeted grinned gripped groaned guaranteed guarded guessed guided hammered handed handled hanged happened harassed harmed hated haunted headed healed heaped heated helped hesitated hired hooked hopped hoped hovered hugged hummed hunted hurried identified ignored imagined immigrated impressed improved included increased indicated influenced informed injected injured inserted insisted inspired instructed intended interested interfered interrupted introduced invented invited involved irritated itched jailed jammed jogged joined joked judged juggled jumped justified kicked killed kissed knelled knitted knocked knotted labeled landed lasted laughed launched learned leveled licensed licked lied lightened liked limited linked liquidated listed listened lived loaded locked longed looked loved managed marched marked married matched mated mattered measured meddled melted memorized mended mentioned messed up migrated milked minded mined missed mixed moaned moored mourned moved muddled mugged multiplied murdered nailed named narrowed needed nested nibbled nodded noted noticed notified numbered obeyed objected observed obtained occurred offended offered opened ordered organized overflowed owed owned packed paddled painted parked parted passed pasted patted paused pecked pedaled peeled peeped performed permitted persuaded phoned picked pinched pined placed planned planted played pleased plugged pointed poked polished pollinated popped possessed posted postponed poured practiced prayed preached preceded preferred prepared presented preserved pressed presumed pretended prevented pricked printed proceeded produced programed promised protected provided published pulled pumped punched punctured punished pushed questioned queued raced radiated rained raised reached realized reappeared recalled received recognized recommended recorded recovered reduced referred reflected refused regretted reigned rejected rejoiced relaxed released relied remained remembered reminded removed repaired repeated replaced replied reported represented reproduced requested required rescued resented resisted responded rested resulted retired retreated returned revealed revisited rhymed rinsed risked robbed rocked rolled rotted rotated rubbed ruined ruled rushed sacked sailed satisfied saved sawed scared scattered scolded scorched scraped scratched screamed screwed scribbled scrubbed sealed searched selected separated served settled shaded shared sharpened shaved sheltered shivered shocked shopped shrugged sighed signed signaled simplified sinned sipped skied skipped slapped slipped slurped slowed smashed smelled smiled smoked snatched sneezed sniffed snored snowed soaked soothed sorted sounded spared sparked sparkled specialized spelled spilled spoiled spotted sprayed sprouted squashed squeaked squealed squeezed stabilized stained stamped stared started stated stayed steered stepped stirred stitched stopped stored strapped strengthened stretched striped stroked stuffed subtracted succeeded sucked suffered suggested suited supplemented supplied supported supposed surprised surrounded suspected suspended switched symbolized talked tamed tapped tasted teased telephoned tempted terrified tested thanked thawed ticked tickled tied timed tipped tired touched toured towed traced traded trained transformed transported trapped traveled treated trembled tricked tripped trotted troubled trusted tried tugged tumbled turned twisted typed uncovered undressed unfastened united unlocked unpacked urged used ushered vanished visited visualized voted wagged wailed waited walked wandered wanted warmed warned washed wasted watched watered waved weighed welcomed whined whipped whirled whispered whistled widened winked wiped wished wobbled wondered worked worried wrapped wrecked wrestled wriggled yawned yelled zipped zoomed |
aborting
accepting accomplishing achieving activating adding admiring admitting advertizing advising affecting affording agreeing aiming alerting allowing altering amazing amusing analyzing announcing annoying answering apologizing appearing applauding appointing appreciating approving arguing arranging arresting arriving ascending asking assaulting assembling assuming attaching attacking attempting attending attracting avoiding backing baking balancing banning banging baring batting bathing battling beaming begging behaving believing belonging bleaching blessing blinding blinking blotting blushing boasting boiling bolting bombing booking boring borrowing bouncing bowing boxing braking branching breathing broadening bruising brushing bubbling bumping burning burying buzzing calculating calling camping caring carrying carving causing challenging changing characterizing charging chasing cheating checking cheering chewing choking chopping claiming clapping classifying cleaning clearing climbing clipping closing coaching coiling collecting coloring combing commanding committing communicating comparing competing complaining completing computing concentrating concerning confessing confusing connecting considering consisting contacting containing continuing contributing convincing copying correcting coughing counting covering cracking crashing crawling crossing crushing crying curing curling curving cycling damming damaging dancing daring decaying deceiving deciding decorating decreasing delaying delighting delivering demonstrating denying depending depicting descending describing deserting deserving destroying detecting developing differentiating disagreeing disallowing disappearing disappointing disapproving disarming disclosing disconnecting discontinuing discovering disguising disliking dividing doubling doubting dragging draining dreading dreaming dressing dripping dropping drowning drumming drying duplicating dusting earning educating electing embarrassing emigrating employing emptying enabling encouraging ending enjoying enlarging entering entertaining escaping evaporating evolving examining exciting excusing executing exemplifying exercising existing exiting expanding expecting explaining exploding exploiting exploring expressing extending fabricating facing fading failing fancying fastening faxing fearing fencing fetching figuring filing filling filming firing fitting fixing flapping flashing floating flooding flowing flowering folding following fooling forcing forming founding framing frightening frying gaining gathering gazing glowing gluing grabbing graduating grating greasing greeting grinning gripping groaning guaranteeing guarding guessing guiding hammering handing handling hanging happening harassing harming hating haunting heading healing heaping heating helping hesitating hiring hooking hopping hoping hovering hugging humming hunting hurrying identifying ignoring imagining immigrating impressing improving including increasing indicating influencing informing injecting injuring inserting insisting inspiring instructing intending interesting interfering interrupting introducing inventing inviting involving irritating itching jailing jamming jogging joining joking judging juggling jumping justifying kicking killing kissing knelling knitting knocking knotting labeling landing lasting laughing launching learning leveling licensing licking lying lightening liking limiting linking liquidating listing listening living loading locking longing looking loving managing marching marking marrying matching mating mattering measuring meddling melting memorizing mending mentioning messing up migrating milking minding mining missing mixing moaning mooring mourning moving muddling mugging multiplying murdering nailing naming narrowing needing nesting nibbling nodding noting noticing notifying numbering obeying objecting observing obtaining occurring offending offering opening ordering organizing overflowing owing owning packing paddling painting parking parting passing pasting patting pausing pecking pedaling peeling peeping performing permitting persuading phoning picking pinching pining placing planning planting playing pleasing plugging pointing poking polishing pollinating popping possessing posting postponing pouring practicing praying preaching preceding preferring preparing presenting preserving pressing presuming pretending preventing pricking printing proceeding producing programing promising protecting providing publishing pulling pumping punching puncturing punishing pushing questioning queuing racing radiating raining raising reaching realizing reappearing recalling receiving recognizing recommending recording recovering reducing referring reflecting refusing regretting reigning rejecting rejoicing relaxing releasing relying remaining remembering reminding removing repairing repeating replacing replying reporting representing reproducing requesting requiring rescuing resenting resisting responding resting resulting retiring retreating returning revealing revisiting rhyming rinsing risking robbing rocking rolling rotting rotating rubbing ruining ruling rushing sacking sailing satisfying saving sawing scaring scattering scolding scorching scraping scratching screaming screwing scribbling scrubbing sealing searching selecting separating serving settling shading sharing sharpening shaving sheltering shivering shocking shopping shrugging sighing signing signaling simplifying sinning sipping skying skipping slapping slipping slurping slowing smashing smelling smiling smoking snatching sneezing sniffing snoring snowing soaking soothing sorting sounding sparing sparking sparkling specializing spelling spilling spoiling spotting spraying sprouting squashing squeaking squealing squeezing stabilizing staining stamping staring starting stating staying steering stepping stirring stitching stopping storing strapping strengthening stretching striping stroking stuffing subtracting succeeding sucking suffering suggesting suiting supplementing supplying supporting supposing surprising surrounding suspecting suspending switching symbolizing talking taming tapping tasting teasing telephoning tempting terrifying testing thanking thawing ticking tickling tying timing tipping tiring touching touring towing tracing trading training transforming transporting trapping traveling treating trembling tricking tripping trotting troubling trusting trying tugging tumbling turning twisting typing uncovering undressing unfastening uniting unlocking unpacking urging using ushering vanishing visiting visualizing voting wagging wailing waiting walking wandering wanting warming warning washing wasting watching watering waving weighing welcoming whining whipping whirling whispering whistling widening winking wiping wishing wobbling wondering working worrying wrapping wrecking wrestling wriggling yawning yelling zipping zooming |